| Social security primarily refers to a
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| | by a percentage of a person's wage.
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| field of social welfare service concerned
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| | Varieties of public systems
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| with social protection, or protection
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| | Most developed countries currently have
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| against socially recognized conditions,
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| | publicly funded health systems that cover
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| including poverty, old age, disability,
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| | the great majority of the population. The
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| unemployment, families with children and
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| | notable exception is the United States.
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| others. Although some publications use
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| | For some examples, see the United
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| the terms "social security" and "social
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| | Kingdom's National Health Service (NHS),
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| protection" interchangeably, social
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| | or the Medicare systems in Canada and in
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| security is used both more narrowly (to
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| | Australia. In the United States, the role
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| refer only to schemes with the formal
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| | of the government in healthcare provision
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| title of 'social security') and more
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| | is a source of continued and sharp
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| widely (referring to many kinds of social
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| | debate.
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| welfare scheme). Social security may
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| | Even among these countries, different
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| refer to
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| | approaches exist to the funding and
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| social insurance, where people receive
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| | provision of medical services. Systems
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| benefits or services in recognition of
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| | may be funded from general government
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| contributions to an insurance scheme.
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| | revenues (as in Italy and Canada), or
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| These services typically include
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| | through a government social security
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| provision for retirement pensions,
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| | system (as in France, Belgium, Japan, and
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| disability insurance, survivor benefits
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| | Germany) with a separate budget and
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| and unemployment insurance.
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| | hypothecated taxes. The proportion of the
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| income maintenance—mainly the
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| | cost of care covered also differs: in
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| distribution of cash in the event of
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| | Canada, all hospital care is paid for by
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| interruption of employment, including
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| | the government, while in Japan patients
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| retirement, disability and unemployment
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| | must pay 10 to 30% of the cost of a
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| services provided by administrations
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| | hospital stay. Services provided by
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| responsible for social security. In
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| | public systems vary. For example, the
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| different countries this may include
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| | Belgian government pays the bulk of the
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| medical care, aspects of social work and
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| | fees for dental and eye care, while the
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| even industrial relations.
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| | Australian government covers neither.
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| More rarely, the term is also used to
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| | Publicly funded medicine may be
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| refer to basic security, a term roughly
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| | administered and provided by the
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| equivalent to access to basic
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| | government, as in the United Kingdom; in
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| necessities—things such as food,
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| | some systems, though, medicine is
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| clothing, shelter, education and medical
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| | publicly funded but most health providers
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| care.
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| | are private entities, as in Canada. The
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| Income maintenance
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| | organization providing public health
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| Social security policy is usually applied
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| | insurance is not necessarily a public
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| through various programs designed to
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| | administration, and its budget may be
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| provide a population with income at times
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| | isolated from the main state budget. Some
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| when they are unable to care for
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| | systems do not provide universal
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| themselves. Income maintenance is based
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| | healthcare, or restrict coverage to
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| in a combination of five main types of
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| | public health facilities. Some countries,
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| program:
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| | such as Germany, have multiple public
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| social insurance, considered above
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| | insurance organizations linked by a
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| means-tested benefits. This is financial
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| | common legal framework.
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| assistance provided for those who are
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| | Innovations in health care can be very
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| unable to cover basic needs, such as
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| | expensive. Population aging generally
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| food, clothing and housing, due to
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| | implies more health care, at a time when
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| poverty or lack of income because of
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| | the taxed working population decreases.
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| unemployment, sickness, disability, or
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| | Two-tier health care
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| caring for children. While assistance is
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| | Almost every country that has a publicly
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| often in the form of financial payments,
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| | funded health care system also has a
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| those eligible for social welfare can
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| | parallel private system, generally
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| usually access health and educational
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| | catering to private insurance holders.
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| services free of charge. The amount of
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| | While one goal of public systems is to
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| support is enough to cover basic needs
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| | provide equal service to all, this
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| and eligibility is often subject to a
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| | egalitarianism is often partial. Every
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| comprehensive and complex assessment of
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| | nation either has parallel private
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| an applicant's social and financial
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| | providers or its citizens are free to
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| situation.
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| | travel to a nation that does, so there is
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| non-contributory benefits. Several
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| | effectively a two-tier healthcare system
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| countries have special schemes,
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| | that reduces the equality of service.
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| administered with no requirement for
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| | Private hospitals often get newer and
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| contributions and no means test, for
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| | better equipment and facilities, and
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| people in certain categories of need -
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| | since private providers are typically
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| for example, veterans of armed forces,
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| | better paid, some medical professionals
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| people with disabilities and very old
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| | motivated by remunerative concerns
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| people.
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| | migrate to the private sector.[citation
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| discretionary benefits. Some schemes are
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| | needed]
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| based on the discretion of an official,
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| | From the inception of the NHS model
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| such as a social worker.
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| | (1948), public hospitals in the United
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| universal or categorical benefits, also
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| | Kingdom have included "amenity beds"
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| known as demogrants. These are
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| | which would typically be siderooms fitted
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| non-contributory benefits given for whole
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| | more comfortably, and private wards in
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| sections of the population without a test
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| | some hospitals where for a fee more
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| of means or need, such as family
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| | amenities are provided. These are
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| allowances or the public pension in New
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| | predominantly used for surgical
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| Zealand (known as New Zealand
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| | treatment, and operations are generally
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| Superannuation).
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| | carried out in the same operating
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| Publicly funded health care systems are
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| | theatres as NHS work and by the same
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| financed in one of two ways: tax-based
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| | personnel. These amenity beds do not
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| financing or social security financing.
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| | exist in other socialized healthcare
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| In some systems, taxation is the primary
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| | systems, such as the Spanish one. From
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| means of financing health care. Everyone
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| | time to time, the NHS pays for private
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| receives the same level of coverage
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| | hospitals (arranged hospitals) to take on
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| regardless of their ability to pay, their
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| | surgical cases for which NHS facilities
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| level of taxation, or risk factors. In
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| | do not have sufficient capacity. This
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| others, compulsory membership in a social
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| | work is usually, but not always, done by
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| health insurance "sickness fund" finances
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| | the same doctors in private hospitals.
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| health care through premiums determined
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